Space And Shelter Needs For Your Horse Keeping A Horse On Your Property

Writen by Randall Holman

Horses can be boarded at a commercial stable; however, keeping a horse on your property provides you with more management control, and saves you money. Though keeping your horse on your property allows greater enjoyment and learning experiences, it also requires you to be more attentive toward your horse and to be more knowledgeable in the care of your horse.

Horses are quite sturdy and adaptable and when it comes to providing adequate shelter, their needs are very basic. Horse shelter essentially needs to provide shade, ventilation, protection from the elements, and dry footing. Building a horse barn can be quite a project (and costly). If you have only basic carpentry skills or are on a limited budget, you may want to consider renovating a shed or other structure you may already have on your property or erecting a three-sided shelter.

A common horse shelter is an open-front building, or sometimes referred to as a lean-to or run-in shelter. These structures can be permanent or portable sheds. A portable structure is convenient as it can be moved to allow removal of manure or to be relocated when pasture is rotated. The open-front should always be positioned away from prevailing winds to offer better protection from rain and snow.

As a rule-of-thumb, at minimum, 80 square feet of floor space per average 1,000 pound horse should be provided. A 12-foot by 12-foot structure would be more ideal; however, many structures come prefabricated in 10-feet by 12-feet designs, which is also adequate. Most prefabricated shelters are between 8 to 10 feet high on the backside and 9 to 12 feet high on the open side.

Your horse also needs a large exercise area like a corral. The minimum exercise area should be about 1/8 acre, but 1/2 acre is better. If your horse is fed primarily hay, then keeping your horse on ½ acres is adequate. Ideally, you want to turn your horse out to managed pasture. Two acres per horse is best. However, one acre can provide adequate grazing, but requires more land management. Therefore, a combination of pasture and small lot or barn is needed to minimize overgrazing.

The most important thing about a fence is it must be visible to your horse. The fence must be visible to the horse to prevent it from becoming tangled in the fence or running through the fence. When using an electric fence, wide ribbon wire is best. Electric fencing should only be used as an interior fence, never as a major exterior fence.

Randall Holman, site owner of Front Range Frenzy and horse enthusiast, is the author of the above article. You will find other easy and practical basic horse care information on his website: http://www.FrontRangeFrenzy.com.

Want To Feel Better Go Stroke Your Cat

Writen by Larry Chamberlain

Stroking your cat can be good for your health! It has long been known that pet ownership is good for you, we all need someone or something to love. It is also believed that stroking a pet, such as a cat, reduces stress levels and helps you to have a more positive perspective on life.

Stroking a cat, and listening to the sound of its contented purring, reduces tension and lowers your blood pressure it is believed.

A study was made of a group of people before and after they acquired a pet, the majority reported that their health had improved in as little as three to nine months. The people who owned dogs reported the greatest health benefits, because of the exercise involved in walking the dog, but cat owners too said that they felt a lot better even though they were not so active.

Many senior citizens homes have "residential" cats, and staff report these pets as being of great benefit to the residents, helping them feel more comfortable and to remind them of normal home life. The physical contact with the pet can be therapeutic, and the activity needed to care for the cat gives the residences a sense of purpose. The need for medications falls quite substantially in nursing homes where there is a cat available for stroking, and the act of stroking can help recovery after an illness.

Of course, it is not only seniors that benefit from the company of a cat. Whatever your age sharing your home with a cat means that you will need the services of your doctor less often and be less likely to feel isolated or lonely. Children also benefit from having pets in the home. Studies have shown that many children believe that their cat helps them with their relationships with other family members and friends.

The American Journal of Cardiology published an article in 1995 attesting that those of us that own pets are more likely to make a recovery from a heart attack than non pet owners. One of the explanations for this was that stroking a pet releases endorphins into the brain calming the nervous system, and therefore lowering your heart rate.

So, if you want to feel better, forget about your favorite tipple, forget about chocolate, simply go stroke your cat.

About The Author

If you have a pet related web site and you wish to reproduce the above article you are welcome to do so, provided the article is reproduced in its entirety, including this resource box and live link to http://www.best-cat-art.com. Cat art posters, art prints, cat calendars and cat collectibles. Great cat gifts for yourself or your cat loving friends.

Heartworms Alert Know The Warning Signs To Save Your Pets Health

Writen by S.A. Smith

Has your pet recently been coughing, eating less, or being more lethargic than usual? If so, it is possible that your pet is infected with heartworms and may need immediate help and attention. Heartworms may infect a host for up to 2 years before any signs or symptoms are visible, and often when they are diagnosed it may be too late for some pets.

Heartworms are an infectious parasitic transmitted by mosquitoes that invades major organs in dogs and cats like the lungs, pulmonary arteries and heart. Heartworms grow and multiply within the pet body and can survive for up to 5 years. Heartworms cause damage and block smaller arterial vessels in your pets key organs leading to organ damage and a multitude of health complications.

The symptoms of a heartworm infestation are often difficult to recognize or may be overlooked or discounted as merely flu or cough-like symptoms. Coughing, weigh loss, lethargy, rapid heart beat, poor coat condition, diarrhea and loss of appetite are common symptoms. Treatment to rid a pet of adult heartworms is a costly vet procedure and involves exposing your pet to arsnic poisoning treatments to kill the adult heatworms - a procedure that can be fatal for aged pets or ones in deteriorating physical condition.

The best approach to dealing with the risk of heartworms is through and active prevention program. Prevention is the key to controlling and avoiding the health problems associated with these highly contagious and common parasites. A simple oral medication administred once a month is all it takes to protect your pets from the damaging effects of heartworm infestation.

S.A. Smith is a freelance writer, contributor, and editor of the Pet Medicine MEDS resource site and can be reached at http://www.pet-medicine-meds.com

For more specific information on treatment and prevention methods visit our website.

Amazing Chinchillas

Writen by Sandra Kwok

They are more affectionate than dogs, smarter then rabbits, more fun than the average hamsters; less temperamental than cats and …………the list goes on. There is simply no comparison. Meet the amazing Chinchillas, and you'll be instantly drawn to them. Chins, as they are more affectionately called, have the good looks and intelligence to scream about. To find out more, read on!

Origin:
The Chinchilla is a member of the rodent family originating from the Andes Region of South America.

Characteristics:
The most attractive attribute of a Chinchilla is its push coat. Each hair follicle contains 60-80 hair, 20 to 30 times more than cats and dogs! Add the large button eyes, big round ears and long fluffy tails; it is not surprising that Chinchillas melted many hearts. Chins are nocturnal, spending most of the day dosing. They have no smell, unlike rabbits or guinea pig, so they can make decent apartment pets.

Fur Colors:
The Standard Grey is the original color but when chin trade grew, demand for variety gave rise to a new trend – color mutation. Colors available are Beige, Silver or Pink White, Black Velvet, Brown, Tan, Sapphire, Mosaic, Violet. The rarer the color, the more expensive it is.

Life span:
Average 8 to 10 years, in some case over 15 years.

Diet:
Chins are herbivorous. Their nutritional requirement are quite bland, all they require are commercially produced chinchilla pellets, dry timothy hay and alfalfa and fresh water. An occasional treat of dried fruits will make them very happy.

Healthy sign:
Healthy chins have active, bright and clear eyes; yellow-orange and aligned teeth, dry nose; hard and elongated stools; dense and even fur. The ideal weight for a full grown chin is about 450 to 800 grams. Chins are hardy and rarely fall ill.

Maintenance:
Chins don't cost much to maintain. Essential items are cage, water bottle and wood shavings as bedding. A wire mesh cage size of 24 by 24 by 18 inches is considered good, larger if you have more than one chin. Get those with raised wire floors if possible, to allow droppings, urine and partially eaten food to fall through, as chins are clean animals and do not like their fur to be soiled. In addition, Chins need a dust bath at least once a week.

Where to buy Chinchillas:
Always buy a chin from a reputable breeder. The breeder should know the background of the chin as well as providing appropriate chin equipment and feed. Pet shops sell many other animals and therefore the staff may not have sufficient knowledge about chins. Look for a pedigree certificate, if you want to breed quality chins with the aim of winning awards. Otherwise, all chins are adorable. Price is not necessarily a guarantee of quality, so be sure of your requirement and seek a second opinion.

Sandra Kwok is the author of "By the Fur of my Chinny Chin Chin" Ezines. Her love for Chinchillas has led her to create a website exclusively for Chin owners. Subscribe to her FREE Ezines and get expert tips on everything you need to know about chins:

http://www.chin-r-us.com

Is Pet Insurance Right For Your Pet

Writen by Amy Dunphy

Trying to decide if you should get insurance on your pet? There are of course pro's and con's to it. Years ago I decided to try it out. I thought, if something happened, it would be a good decision to have it. Some plans will cover basic vet care and heartworm and things like that. Read through the information below and make a decision for you and your beloved pets.

Standard Care is the essential care that is required for any pet. This usually includes shots, heartworm tests and supplies, and any other preventitive care that is required through an animals life. This is usually not covered by most insurance plans and requires a special extra fee. Calculate the cost of this fee and then call your local vets office to get a price quote and compare the two. Keep in mind that sometimes your vet may be more costly than using an online pharmacy, so price out those options as well.

Accidents happen to pets all the time. Just the other day, my dog broke his nail. We had to go to the vet, have it removed, and get a shot of antibiotics. The total cost was $50 for this procedure. Of course, not everything is covered so you need to discuss this with the insurance company and find out exactly what is covered. When I was with one insurance company I actually got charged for submitting claims that weren't covered. Of course I had no way of knowing what was covered and what wasn't.

Every owners fear is the dreaded Cancer word. At least I know it is mine. Cancer procedures and testing is not covered by most companies. There are special riders for this as well. But you have to purchase them BEFORE the dog has cancer. Otherwise it is excluded as preexisting.

The bottom line is do your research, talk to your vet, talk to different companies and try to make the best decision you can for your loved ones. I know that vet insurance has worked for so many people. In the long run, I think its a gamble, just like life insurance. If you dont have it and something happens you kick yourself that you should have just done it. But in other cases, you do have it, and nothing thankfully ever goes wrong.

Amy Dunphy
Owner of the Dog Trainer Search - Get all the information you need on training your dog or puppy

Are Pitbulls Dangerous

Writen by Jim Dunn

Pitbulls by nature, are the most effective and experienced fighting dogs ever produced. Pit bulls fight longer, more effectively, and better than any other animal.

Pitbulls often are very aggressive towards other animals. This is something that can be socialized out of the k-9 if you raise them from a puppy.

The term "Gameness" is often used when referring to Pitbulls. Gameness as an attribute means never backing down, fighting to the death even with missing limbs and eyes, and always wanting to contest with another animal.

Pitbulls also possess a staggeringly high thresh-hold for pain, this coupled with their tenacity help make them the ultimate warrior.

Pitbulls have the strongest bite-grip of ALL K-9's. Their jaws are powerful enough to break bones, and bite deeply into the bone through the muscle. This in its self is very unique in the K-9

kingdom because most dog breeds can't even bite deep into the muscle of their prey or opponent.

The Pit Bull is a highly athletic breed as well; it is possible for the dog to vertically get over an 8ft. fence won't be a problem if the dog sees something he wants on the other side.

There are two things that make Pitbulls dangerous dogs...

1. Ignorance

2. Bad owners.

Any animal that possesses the determination, gameness, and brute strength that this k-9 breed does, needs an intelligent, attentive, and loving owner to focus these attributes in productive ways.

Pitbulls are not born killers. They can be trained to be very effective fighters, just as they can be raised to be very loving companions.

So are Pitbulls dangerous?

I guess the true answer lies in how you will raise yours.

To learn more about "Real Pitbulls" visit us at...All About Pitbulls

Do You Want To Find A Purebred Cat

Writen by Niall Kennedy

For some of us, a common-or-garden Tom cat is not enough. We want quality feline company with a pedigree and the only way to guarantee that a cat is a purebreed is to contact one of the national cat associations or similar organisations in other countries.

To find a purebred cat, you may start with the Cat Fancier's Association. The CFA was created to maintain breed standards and to register litters as purebreds. The association also holds cat shows and judges them based on how closely they adhere to the standards. They recognize only 41 breeds of cats.

The breeder registers a litter of kittens with the Cat Fancier's Association. Then they have the option of deciding whether or not to allow the kitten to be bred. Only cats with a pin number on their registration forms will be eligible to have their kittens registered. This allows the breeders to continue to better their breeds. Once the litter is registered, each kitten will need to be individually registered by its new owner.

There are three categories of recognized cats. They are the Championship Class, the Provisional Class, and the Miscellaneous Class. Each bred that the CFA recognizes is in one of these groups. They must win first place in their breed and then their class before they can compete for the title of best in show.

The Championship Class are those cats who are established cat breeds. The breeds in the Provisional Class have been more recently established. They are still being watched to insure that they conform to the new breed standard. Finally, the one breed currently in the Miscellaneous Class is still having a breed standard created and cannot actually compete for the best in show title.

In Canada, you can register your cat in the Canadian Cat Association. This association was formed by Canadians who did not want to register their cats with an association in another country. There are other popular cat registries including the Traditional Cat Association, which supports original breed standards and does not uphold current trends that exaggerate breed characteristics, the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy, which is the United Kingdom's cat registry, and the Fédération Internationale Féline, which is the European cat registry.

All cats fit into one of two categories. They are either short hair or long haired. Short haired are breeds like the Abyssinian and British Shorthair. The long haired beads include Turkish Angora and Norwegian Forest Cats. The most popular of them all is the American Shorthair which has been in the US for over 300 years. They have been carefully bred for generations to develop characteristics that would appear in each kitten born. Others include the Siamese, the Rex, the Main Coon, the Ragdoll and the Persian.

Choosing a cat with a pedigree allows you to choose a cat that has the characteristics that you want it to have. They are no more affectionate than other cats but they can be a prized possession no matter what.

Best Pet Health Information is a resource that brings you information and news, tips and reviews to help your pedigree cat stay healthy and happy. http://www.Best-Pet-Health.info

Copyright Best-Pet-Health.info All rights reserved. This article may be reprinted in full so long as the resource box and the live links are included intact.

8 Tips To Stop Dinnertime Canine Beggars

Writen by Louise Louis

Most owners do not feed human food to their dogs. They recognize that some foods we love (e.g., chocolate) are dangerous for dogs, but some owners also are concerned that dogs who eat human food will start begging for it at human dinner times.

That may not always hold true, Louise Louis of www.ToyBreeds.com notes, but the desire to avoid little beggars is reasonable. How annoying to be a guest at a home where Fido dominates the dinner!

Fortunately, begging is one of the easier canine misbehaviors to prevent.

1. Always have the family eat before Fido. That reinforces his secondary role to the humans.

2. Decide where Fido will be while you eat. It may be best to crate him or confine him to another room. Just ensure all family members agree to keep Fido in the same place each mealtime.

3. Don't let Fido sit under the table! There is too great a likelihood that food will be dropped or that a diner will not be able to resist the temptation to just give Fido one little bite.

4. Don't let Fido near the baby. Confining him away from your dinner table is especially vital if you have a baby or small child who is likely to throw or drop food. Fido will soon where to position himself for droppings.

5. Make sure everyone in the family agrees on the rules. Ask guests, even the in-laws, to adhere to the family rules.

6. Should Fido or guest's dog come around the table while you're eating, ignore him. If Fido doesn't get attention or food, he will stop nosing around. Never make eye contact.

7. Never give in to canine whining. Dogs are instinctive odds players. If they perceive that there is a chance of a chicken leg falling or being thrown to him, he will visit the table every night waiting for double 00 to hit again.

8. When you're done eating, fix Fido's meal and make him sit before placing his dinner plate in front of him.

If you behave consistently, so will he.

Louise Louis is a certified canine specialist and creator of the popular website on small dogs, http://www.ToyBreeds.com

Training Your Cat To Use The Toilet

Writen by Neil Groom

You can train your cat to use the toilet. By doing this it will save you time and money. There will be little or no mess. Once the cat has been trained to go into the toilet, you will be able to eliminate the cat litter and the smell associated with cats. You will need a few items to get you started. Aluminum foil, a tray, and cat litter preferably flushable kitty litter.

You will not have to clean the litter box anymore and will save money on not having to buy the litter any more. You need to decide which toilet in the house you will use. In addition, what toilet in the house the cat will use. If you have two toilets it maybe easier to train than if, you only have one toilet in the house.

You will have to use an aluminum tray to put on the toilet. With two toilets in the house, you can leave the tray right in the toilet and not have to remove it when you need to use the toilet in the house. If you have only one toilet, it is not that convenient to share with your cat. You will just have to remove the tray whenever you want to use the toilet. Be sure to leave the seat down and lid up for the training period.

Leave a note on the toilet for guests so that your cat does not make a mess on the floor if the lid is down. Replace the cats litter box with an aluminum-cooking tray. The aluminum tray should be the right size to fit in the toilet. The seat lid should be able to close so that the seat lid holds the tray in place. Remember do not close the lid. The results may be less than attractive. Start moving the tray closer and closer to the toilet that the cat will be using. Be sure not to move it when the cat does not know it is there.

Once the litter tray is in the bathroom put a something about an inch thick under the tray. Magazines are a very bad choice for this. The magazines are slick and the litter box may fall. Continue to raise the litter box about an inch every day until the litter box is the same level as the toilet. The cat will be able to just step into the litter box at first. As you raise the litter box, the cat will have to jump into the box. You may want to secure the box so it does not move when the cat jumps into the litter box.

Let the cat know its there by scraping its claws in the tray. If there is, no litter in the tray the cat will be confused and will not understand what is going on. After the tray is in the toilet, you can use cat litter, which is flushable. If you use flushable kitty litter, you will have little or no mess to clean up.

Continue to leave the tray there for about 3 weeks. During this time reduce the litter in the tray and make a 1" diameter hole in the tray. Every week, make the hole 1/2" bigger. If the cat messes on the floor then the cat is trying to let you know that you are moving to fast. If your cat is heavy, try using two trays to hold its weight.

You may want to wait to train your cat until it is at least 6 months old. Cats younger than that cannot balance well and may end up being a big problem. Do not get discouraged as the process could take up to two to three months. The cat will start with two paws on the tray. As the hole you put into the tray gets bigger (by 1/2" per weak) it will move a third leg to the toilet seat. Finally, the cat will have all four legs on the seat. Some cats cannot grip the seat very well. If the cat is the only one to use that toilet, you might put some kind of tape it can grip to on the seat lid.

I would love to share my secrets with you and my new special articles on cat training do just that! Everything you need to know to train your cat is included in these special reports: See our section on Cat Breads. All reports are available from http://www.ebooks-marketplace.com/cats/index.html

Horses War Admiral

Writen by Michael Russell

Sometimes the sons of the fathers surpass the accomplishments of the father. Such was the case with one of the greatest races horses of all time, the son of Man O' War, War Admiral, who went on to become racing's 4th triple crown winner.

War Admiral almost wasn't the 4th triple crown winner. He was almost the 5th. Owner Samuel Riddle, of Glen Riddle Farms, had many prejudices about horse racing beyond the East coast in 1920. Riddle owned War Admiral's father, Man O' War. However, he chose to skip the Kentucky Derby with Man O' War in 1920 because Churchill Downs was too far west for his tastes. Had he run he most likely would have won and been racing's second triple crown winner. Fate is sometimes a funny thing.

War Admiral didn't get off to a blazing start in his career but he did win 3 of his first 6 races. He also had 2 second place finishes and 2 third place finishes. He wasn't even the leading 2 year old that year. But after he won his first start at age 3, people began to take notice of this horse. That first win as a 3 year old was at the Chesapeake Stakes at Maryland's Havre de Grace race track. It was after this victory that Riddle decided to give War Admiral a shot at the Kentucky Derby. He finally got over his prejudices about racing that far west when he realized that War Admiral could very well be a contender for the triple crown.

War Admiral ran a race just 4 days before the Kentucky Derby. This was an allowance race at Churchill Downs, which he easily won. This set the stage for his incredible showing at the Kentucky Derby. The field of horses at the Derby was 20. War Admiral went off as an 8 to 5 favorite. Many who watched the race say he toyed with the other horses. He never really had to put in any effort and won by a modest 1 3/4 lengths.

But his race at the Preakness a week later was a much tougher test. He was given a real run for his money by the second place finisher in the Derby, Pompoon, but the result was still the same. War Admiral beat out Pompoon by a head and was only a fifth of a second away from the Preakness record.

Finally, on June 5, War Admiral went for the last leg of the triple crown at the Belmont Stakes. The race did not start well for War Admiral as he stumbled at the start of it and injured his right foreleg. It was almost certain he would lose his bid. But somehow this incredible horse managed to storm past the other horses and easily won by 4 lengths. The second place finisher in the Derby and Preakness, Pompoon, was nowhere to be seen all the way back in 7th place.

War Admiral finished his career with an amazing record of 21 wins in 26 races and earnings of over a quarter of a million dollars, which was a lot of money in those days.

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Michael Russell
Your Independent guide to Horses
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Pet Food The Basics

Writen by Pauline Sirrell

A dog is a man's best friend. You do everything you can to maintain your optimum health. Doesn't your best friend deserve the same? Your dog is an active (rather the most active) member of your family and needs the same, if not more attention to health and nutrition as you do, to stay healthy, and live longer.

After all it's very easy to get lost in a big pet store. The sea of products that we have today, aisle after aisle is very confusing and also time consuming. However keeping your dog healthy need not be a career option for you. All we need to use is a little commonsense and good information regarding the breed and age of your dog.

Let's divide the dogs into two categories – small & adult.

For Small Dogs & Puppies

It has long been established and proven that small dogs have a different metabolism as compared to large dogs, due to physiologic effect of their body mass. For ex., Great Dane weighing 100 pounds needs to consume about 23 calories per pound of body weight Pomeranian weighing 6 pounds needs to consume 47 calories per pound of body weight every day-more than twice as much!

As owner of a small dog, you need to be certain that your dog's energy needs are being satisfied. Be sure to choose a diet that's been formulated properly with optimal balance of highly digestible nutrients. Digestibility determines how much your dog can actually utilize each nutrient in a diet. Puppies require almost twice or thrice as much food as adult dogs per pound of weight. To keep up their energy levels, they have to be fed as frequently as three to four times till they are six months of age.

Diet is always the key to raising your children or puppies. The diet should be balanced, nutrient rich, should contain high levels of phosphorous and calcium and be highly digestible. It should also contain high-quality proteins. This would ensure that the puppy develops strong bones, muscle and tissue.

For Adult Dogs

Your dog like you needs a combination of fats, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water in a balanced diet to meet their daily needs. A lot of dog food bags claim they are in themselves complete food. This ends up as null if the nutrients cannot be absorbed by your dog's system. Major companies take great care in this aspect by trying to provide the nutrients in an absorbable form.

Dog foods must also consist of mineral and vitamin supplements in a balanced form. The proportions should be accurate so that they do not interfere with each other in your dogs system. This would provide maximum benefit to your dog. If the food consists of one ingredient in overdose and the other in lower doses, it could have an adverse affect on your dogs health.

Given below are some feeding tips to make chow time more pleasant:

Always keep the food dish clean.

Feed adult dogs twice a day to prevent hogging at one single meal and lessens the chance of your dog developing bloat or stomach torsion.

Feeding Schedule should be relaxed so that your dog knows the meal time but will not bother you if you are a little late.

Keep your siblings away from your dog while feeding, so that he does not get insecure and feel a need to defend his food.

Never let your dog have free access to food, lest they have constant activity in their digestive systems.

Never play with your dog with his dish, better to teach him/her manners instead.

Leave the dish for 15 minutes so that he licks it clean.

In case of any more information and help, please visit http://www.northolm.co.uk

Pauline Sirrell is a Siberian Husky lover, owner and show judge. She has also worked in greyhound kennels for over 20 years. Pauline is also the webmaster for http://www.northolm.co.uk which sells supplies and supplements for pets, she is also registered with the RPSGB Animal Medical Inspectorate and is PML qualified.

The Carriage Dog The Dalmatian

Writen by Michael Russell

Ever since the movie about the 101 Dalmatians, this spectacular spotted dog has grown in popularity. The Dalmatian's history however goes beyond that of the movie. He is also known as a "carriage dog" or a "firehouse dog". Before the "horseless carriage", horses were used to pull the fire wagons and the dog became a common sight around the Fire Stations in the United States. The dog was used as a protector of the carriage, trained to run beneath the wheels and protect the horses by keeping other farm dogs at bay. The Dalmatian is an all around guard dog and protector and has also been used as a hunter.

The Dalmatian is an easy care breed, a simple wipe down of the coat will keep him clean. His white coat with many spots is spectacular in appearance. The puppies are born all white and gradually as they get older the spots begin to appear. The coat has short stiff hairs which shed year round so a brisk rub down with a towel several times a week will help to loosens the hairs and prevent fall out on the furniture. The standard of the breed describes the coat very specifically: "white must show in the ears" and "there must be only black or only liver spots" not a combination of the two. In the United States blue eyes are acceptable but the European and the English standards call for black or brown eyes.

He is generally healthy, but the breed does carry an inherited deafness trait. The Dalmatian is also a breed that is known to have some skin problems associated with allergies. There is little hip dysplasia in the breed but as with all larger dogs it is necessary that he be x-rayed to rule this out.

The temperament of this dog is steady but protective. He does not do well with children unless exposed to them early on. He is intelligent and requires a job to do to be at his best, therefore obedience training is a great option if you have one of these dogs in an urban setting. Plenty of exercise is the key. Joggers are great owners for Dalmatians as they adapt very well to jogging along with their owner and protecting him from stray dogs! He is the stable dog of choice in Horse establishments.

Since the movie, the Dalmatian has become a generally popular dog, which is not always the best thing for any breed. He has been over produced by breeders who have bred these dogs for the lure of the dollar rather than the quality of the breed. This often leads lots of these puppies showing up in pet stores. People buy on impulse, having no idea that what they will actually end up with is a dog who is protective, who needs a lot of exercise and with all the usual housebreaking and training which is always necessary for a family pet. As is usual when this occurs, there are a number of Dalmatians who have ended up in shelters. Fortunately the National Club does have an active "rescue" group which can be located by visiting the pages of the A.K.C. web page.

Michael Russell Your Independent guide to Animals

Dog Training How To Communicate With An Elderly Dog

Writen by Amy Howells

As dogs grow older, their senses become less sharp and this can lead to communication difficulties developing.

Other problems, such as a breakdown in toilet training, can also arise, and while the effects of aging cannot be cured, regular veterinary check-ups should help to combat them for a period.

Your vet can advise you on the best way to care for your senior pet.

Making Adjustments.

The relationship between you and your dog will inevitably alter as your dog grows older.

Dogs are now living much longer than in the past, thanks to advances in both nutrition and veterinary care, with even larger dogs now reaching their teens.

Sadly, however, a gradual decline in your dog's physical health is inevitable.

• Try not to let your dog wander off too far when you are out walking: its failing senses mean that he may come across difficulty in finding his way back to you.

• One of the obvious signs of aging, especially with bigger dogs, can be joint pain and stiffness. This will restrict your dog's ability to play, but some exercise is still important to maintain the dog's level of fitness. Preventing your dog gaining weight at this stage is especially important, so as not to place undue extra strain on his skeletal frame. Encourage your dogs to chase after toys, just as he did when he was younger.

• Be prepared to lift your dog into your car, or up stairs, because a combination of failing joints and deteriorating eyesight means that a dog will be reluctant to jump up as he may have done eagerly in the past.

• Make allowances for your dog if he does not respond immediately when called: it may be that he has hearing problems.

• If the dog's eyesight starts to fail or develops cataracts, try not to move furniture from its usual position, as the dog will find this disorientating.

• Pay particular attention to the dog's teeth and gums as these can develop infections and infect other organs.

Aging Problems.

As dogs grow older, so they become more reliant on routine. This is often then consequence of failing senses, with the result that they feel more secure in familiar surroundings.

His ability to hear will decline with age, as will his eyesight. Not surprisingly, dogs find this loss of sensory input disturbing, because it leaves him feeling isolated.

These changes often result in a dog becoming disorientated, especially at night, and being reluctant to settle down to sleep. Your dog may then bark repeatedly but for no obvious reason.

Dealing with this situation is difficult: if you persist in going to see what is wrong with your dog, this pattern of behavior soon becomes habitual. Arrange a veterinary appointment for your dog, to see if any medical aid may help.

Amy Howells is the owner of a website dedicated to teaching you the short-cuts to dog training.

You can also sign up to a free e-course and discover the astonishing short-cut secrets to dog obedience training

Rats Vs Hamsters Which Is The Better Pet For Your Toddler

Writen by Mary Jensen

When choosing a pet for their child, many parents are more inclined to choose a hamster over a rat. They see the hamster as cute and cuddly. Rats are associated with sewers, dark alleyways, and being dirty. But rats actually make for a better pet.

Hamsters will almost always bite when they are picked up from their cage. They are escape artists and once loose will chew their way into the back of your couch, taking hours to find them. Their small size makes it easy for them to hide. Hamsters need wheels and toys to keep them entertained. Those wheels can be quite noisy during the night, which is their most active period. When playing with them, they are skittish and generally try to get away.

Contrary to popular belief, rats are actually one of your cleaner rodents. They are also very rarely known to bite. They do not use wheels or the other toys that hamsters and gerbils do. They will be happy with a house and a tube to chew on. They are playful and will be a good companion for a toddler. You can let them out to play without worry that they will escape. When we had rats, their favorite thing to do was climb on the outside of their cage. Our son loved to pet them and watch them. Once they are familiar with you, the rats will sit on your shoulder just fine.

One word of advice if you do get a rat, or any rodent as a pet. Make sure you go through a pet store. Do not get your rat from a stranger. You don't know how they were treated, or if they have any diseases. We got our last rats from someone who was giving hers away. She said her daughter was allergic to them. It turned out that they didn't clean the cages often enough and the daughter was reacting to the ammonia. They also fed the rats chips and goodies, thinking that was what the rats wanted to eat and not worrying about the nutritional value. When we tried feeding our rats the food we purchased at a pet store, they refused to eat. They would only eat crackers and sunflower seeds. They were malnourished and in a matter of a few weeks started to act aggressive with each other, and then us. They bit both my husband and son, leaving us no choice but to get rid of them. If you take proper care of your rats then they will be sociable and safe. Whenever you get a new pet, make sure to learn how to take proper care of them.

This article has been submitted in affiliation with http://www.PetLovers.Com/ which is a site for Pet Forums.

The German Shepherd Dog Partner To Mankind

Writen by Michael Russell

The German Shepherd breed today is a far cry from the original flock dogs used in Germany in earlier times. Sheep herding dogs were a necessary part of the German agricultural scenes and were quite a mixed lot. It wasn't until the formation of a group known as the Association for German Sheepdogs SV, (now a large group of fanciers numbering more than 50,000) that a more uniform dog began to evolve. The German Shepherd Dog standards and breeding policies are strictly regulated by this club as are most breeds in Germany. This regulation includes the registration of litters and approval of the quality of each puppy within a litter. In former days the "culling" of the litter meant that puppies who did not qualify would be destroyed, nowadays such puppies can only be sold as pets and may not be registered. This strict supervision of the German Shepherd Dog in Germany has led to a very uniform breed in both physical attributes and instinctive abilities.

German Shepherd Dogs have proved themselves in many aspects of modern civilization to be very versatile and loyal human companions and often partners, being useful in nearly every walk of life. One can find the German Shepherd on Police rosters, in Search Dog units, as Guide Dogs for the Blind, as Therapy dogs and in the Military Services, among many other pursuits.

The German Shepherd exhibits a deep intelligence and common sense. Its history as a dog of many talents is in part due to the high intelligence of the breed, this is a dog with a quickness to learn and an eagerness to please its owner. It is often a one family or one owner dog and truly is considered a partner by many handlers in the police professions. This is an adaptable and flexible breed, a dog with many talents and skills.

Unfortunately its popularity has led to a huge amount of indiscriminate breeding in the United States and in Great Britain, where there is no such thing as a club which mandates and approves the registrations. For many years the dog was in the number one position in A.K.C. registrations . There are some health problems now which can no doubt be directly associated with so much popularity. Among these major problems are Hip and Elbow Dysplasia, Epilepsy, Panosteitis, Pyoderma and various gastrointestinal difficulties. Buyers should buy from reputable breeders who have tested for and will only use stock which is free from these conditions.

In this country and in Great Britain, the German Shepherd quickly became a popular show dog. Show dog breeders often have a tendency to breed for the physical attributes of the dog, sometimes this can lead to an emphasis being placed on one particular physical attribute to the neglect of other aspects of the breeds such as attitude, temperament, or working abilities. Unfortunately there has been some dilution of physical health and temperament in the German Shepherd Dogs bred for the show ring in the United States. For some years the rear angulation was so over emphasized that the dog's athleticism and strength of movement were in jeopardy. There now exists in the United States a distinct separation of philosophy between the breeders who breed for the show ring and those breeders who breed for the working abilities of the breed. It is to be hoped that common sense will prevail and that this fine dog which is so capable in so many different areas will continue to maintain the conformation necessary to do these many varied and important jobs. This is a trust which must be placed with the responsible breeders of the dog and an important aspect of this is a determination on the part of the public to purchase only from breeders who display such responsibility.

Michael Russell Your Independent guide to Dogs

Tropical Aquarium Plants For Beginners

Writen by William Berg

It is not hard to understand why plants are present in so many aquariums. Lush and healthy plants are stunning to look at and will create a much more natural environment in the aquarium. Most fish species feel safer and less stressed when they have plants to hide among, and many species will never thrive in an unplanted aquarium. If your fish species inhabit densely grown waters in the wild, they will feel very insecure in a plant without any vegetation. A lot of fish species are however rock dwellers and can get the same sense of security from caves and rocky formations in the aquarium. If your fish disturb the plants and damage them by nibbling of the leaves or digging up the roots, caves and wood can be a better solution than plants. If uprooting is the main problem, you can choose plants that float and do not require any anchorage in the substrate. If your fish are vigorous plant eaters, artificial plants can be used instead of live plants. It can also be possible to find a few live plant species that your fish do not like the taste of. If your fish only nibble on the plants, you can choose strong and fast growing live plants that can tolerate some snacking.

Plants will not only provide your fish with valuable shelters and make your aquarium look beautiful; they will also help you to keep the water quality up. Fish and plants coexist in the wild and will complement each other well in the aquarium. The waste products released by fish will contain compounds that the plants can use as nutrition. Organic waste will therefore be contained within the plant instead of floating around in the water where it can harm the fish. You should however keep in mind that these compounds will not "disappear", they will just be confined within the plant. If you allow dead and decaying plant material to stay in the aquarium, the organic compounds will be released again and begin to pollute the water. Plants must therefore be regularly pruned and unhealthy parts must be removed from the water as soon as possible. In return for the organic compounds that they receive from the fish, the plants will produce oxygen which is essential to the fish. The plants will also use dissolved carbon dioxide and thereby lower the levels of carbon dioxide in the aquarium.

The direct exchange between fish and plants is important, but it is not the only thing that help keeping the water quality up. The plants will also provide a home for a wide range of micro organisms that are beneficial for the ecosystem in the aquarium. Plants are also capable of inhibiting ugly algae growth since plants and algae compete over the same nutrients.

Many fish species will never spawn in an unplanted aquarium. Some species need the plants to feel safe enough to spawn, while others need leaves to attach their eggs on. A densely planted aquarium will also increase the fry survival growth if you wish to raise fry in the same aquarium as adult fish, since the fry will hide among the plants. Busy plants with a lot of smaller leaves are ideal for this purpose. It should however be noted that there are other ways to provide fry with good shelters. Newly hatched fry can for instance hide among larger marbles on the bottom of the aquarium. Caves, roots, stones and artificial aquarium decoration will also give the fry hiding places where they can stay out of harms way.

A plant relies on photosynthesis and light is therefore essential to it. A fish only aquarium requires little light, but if you wish to keep a densely planted aquarium you might be forced to install new lights. Fluorescent light is better than the standard incandescent light in planted aquarium. Some plant species are very demanding in require even stronger light than the fluorescent, but these species are not recommended for beginners. Fluorescent lights are more expensive than incandescent lights, but fluorescent lights will on the other hand burn cooler and use less electricity. Java Fern and Java Moss are two examples of suitable beginner species. They are tough plants that can survive in a wide range of pH-values and water hardiness. They can even be kept in a slightly brackish aquarium, such as a Molly aquarium.

Unlike many other aquatic plants, Java Fern should not be planted in the substrate in the aquarium. Java Fern should instead be attached to rock, wood or aquarium decorations where it will form roots. Once your have purchased your first Java Fern or Java Moss, the plants will propagate themselves. New plants will develop on the old plants, and eventually break off. You can attach these tiny plants to some type of decoration in the aquarium and wait for them to grow large.

Article provided by AC Aquarium fish which is a general aquarium website featuring a lot of information for beginner aquarists including a free ebook named Tropical Fish - A beginners guide.

Green Iguana Information Lizard

Writen by Tim Buchinger

Housing
Normally, adult Iguanas can grow to 5-6 feet and thus should be housed in a larger cage. Tall cages or optimal for this type of lizard as they are tree-dwelling and consequently would prefer to be as high from the ground as possible. It is very important to sterilize all branches that will be placed in the enclosure with a mild bleach solution. The relative humidity level of the enclosure should be kept at approximately 70-75%, and this can be obtained by misting the enclosure a couple times daily. Although many people feel that their Iguana could safely roam around the house, the opposite is generally true. Not only do you run the risk of your lizard knocking over it's heat lamp and starting a fire, it is also common for large amounts of damage to be done to furniture, carpet, wiring, etc.

Heating
Reptiles in general are Ectothermic which means that they do not produce their own body heat. Thus, reptiles must be given a combination of both warmer and cooler areas in their enclosure. This will allow them to choose their own temperature. Proper heating is vital to a lizards survival, as it allows for a healthy immune system and proper digestion.

Lighting
"Full Spectrum Lighting" is vital to a lizards survival. When selecting a light source ensure that it provides ample UVB rays. For Iguanas this is particularly necessary. The most optimal lightin conditions would provide natural sunlight to the Iguanas. This however is normally not practical as even a standard window can filter out the beneficial UVB rays.

For all your lizard information needs visit The Lizard Lounge. All species of Lizards are represented with articles and care sheets.

Shih Tzu Have A Difficult Start After The Imperial Palace Falls

Writen by Connie Limon

After the fall of the Imperial Palace breeding continued outside the palace in the homes of both the Chinese and foreign families. Kennels were developed that produced the Tibetan Lion Dogs, or the Lhasa Lion Dogs, as they were sometimes called. There was a lot of confusion during this time period trying to distinguish between the Tibetan breeds and there was no central registration system until the 1930s. The Apso and Shih Tzu types were grouped under several different names: The Tibetan Poodle, Shih Tzu Kuo (Lion Dog), Lhasa Lion Dog, Tibetan Temple Dog, Tibetan Holy Dog, Tibetan Holy Dog, Lhasa Terrier, Tribute Dog, Apso....

The China Kennel Club was formed in Shanghai in 1923. In 1930 the first class was scheduled at a show under the name of Lhasa Terrier or Tibetan Poodle. Mrs. R. Laurenz owned a kennel of almost all black Shih Tzu and took first and second place with her Mo'er and Mei Mei. It is thought that one of her dogs named Chu Po (a stud) was the great grandson of Hai-Ling (Sea Otter), Empress Dowager's favorite dog of all times.

Note: I have a solid black stud dog now who resembles the pictures I have seen of Mr. Laurenz's two black Tibetan dogs that won. My Duke really resembles her line of dogs. The pedigree I have, of course, is not traced back that far, but of all my dogs, Duke is so very extra "sharp," and stands out from all the rest of my Shih Tzu. He is one of a kind at Stain Glass Shih Tzu (except his offsprings of course will be somewhat like him). He really is an interesting Shih Tzu to watch. He makes excellent eye contact that looks just like human eyes looking at me. Duke also has the "blue" genes. He is producing blue in his offspring. I would not be surprised if his ancestors would be in the same line as Sea Otter as well.

The Peking Kennel Club was established in 1934. That same year a class was scheduled for "Lhasa Lion Dogs." From all I have read in this time period it seems they were having a terrible time trying to create a standard and exactly what to call these dogs. By this time it looked like also there was many different types. It also appeared as if the size was "large" rather than small. This really makes me wonder if the reason for all this was because at the Imperial Palace, only the smaller ones were kept, and the larger dogs were sold outside the palace as rejects of the Imperial Palace breedings, and many were even sold to peasants on the street. So I imagine from this large pool of the larger size Shih Tzu or what would eventually become known as the Shih Tzu was these Lhasa Lion Dogs and Tibetan Poodles. This is all they had access to, with the exception of whatever might have been saved in the smaller sizes from the Imperial Palace. Almost all the dogs were killed (destroyed in the fires) that eventually destroyed the Palace. Apparently though someone got hold of some of the Imperial Palace smaller types and dogs of this favorite color of honey or Tawny as well, because we still have some of them today and have nicknamed them appropriately: Imperials. I have a brother and a sister that fits the description perfectly. They are Danny and Jane Jane. Visit us at Stain Glass Shih Tzu to see their pictures. I believe they will be more in the Teacup size (according to my definitions of Teacup size) and remember Imperial and Teacup today are nicknames for these smaller size shih tzu that do not fit the American Kennel Club standard size of 9 to 16 lbs. I have this size as well. I do not try to breed against the American Kennel Club standard and I do not advise anyone else to do so either. The American Kennel Club is our official breed standard creator and anyone breeding should strive to stick to the standards. With the Shih Tzu, however, because of its mysterious background and all the legends behind it and all else this breed has gone through over time, we still occasionally get these "litte guys" we now nickname Imperials and Teacups, which in my opinion, and everyone is entitled to their own opinion about any type of subject (we all have freedom of speech as part of our governmental constitutional rights), I believe with all my heart and soul these little guys are more the offspring of some of these exquisite treasures that was so difficult to acquire from the Old Empress Dowager and even more difficult after her death because most of her Shih Tzu were destroyed! However, I do love the 9 to 12 pound size as well with the broad face and skull and all else that goes along with them, and I do have those type of Shih Tzu as well. I really don't like a size over about 12 pounds.

An official Standard of the Peking Kennel Club was not established until 1938. Those involved with creating this standard were: Madam de Brevil, a Russian refugee, and the Countess d'Anjou. The Countess d'Anjou emerged as the premier breeder of the Shih Tzu in Peking during this period of time.

The 1938 Peking Kennel Club Official Standard for the Shih Tzu (Lion Dog) stated:

Lion head: Long ears, heart shaped (the longer the hair on the ars the better).

Long apron and pantaloons: Long hair difficult to get on the hind legs and all the more appreciated.

Size: 13-15 in.

Weight: 10-15 lb.

Eyes: Large and clear (the hair should fall over them and cover them completely if possible).

Toes: Well feathered, paw broad and flat.

Front legs: May be slightly bowed (controversy about this).

Hindquarters: Slightly higher than the back.

Hair: As glossy as possible, apron and pantaloons wavy.

Skull: Broad and flat.

Tail: Well plumbed, carried gaily over the back.

Colors: All colors permissible, singe and mixed. Tawny or honey-colored highly favored.

Some interesting facts about how hard it was to get hold of Shih Tzu from the Imperial Palace was told by The Countess d'Anjou. It was very difficult to get the honey and golden color as this was the favorite colors from the Imperial Palace by the Old Empress Dowager. The Lamas behind Peking bred the honey and golden color but refused to sell them; they were often stolen by servants and then sold. The Countess had to first buy grown females that did not produce and felt as though something had been done to them to keep them from producing (probably spayed to keep others from breeding from them). She sometimes was able to get hold of tiny ones who had not even opened their eyes yet. Finally she was helped by a Chinese friend who had been lady-in-waiting to the Old Empress to acquire "some" breeding stock. And no doubt, the ones she did acquire was of the smaller type - thank goodness - so that today we still have some of those exquisite jewels among us.

Connie Limon publishes a FREE weekly newsletter. A professional newsletter with a focus upon health and wellness for you and your pets. Coupons for shih tzu puppies and other products are offered to subscribers. Updates of available puppies. Sign up at http://www.stainglassshihtzus.com

Westie West Highland White Terrier Puppies Fragile And Needful Of Protection

Writen by Jeff Cuckson

Have you ever held any Westie puppies? These tiny creatures are cuddly and white furry balls, at least 12-15 inches tall, possessing a pair of coal black eyes and snubbed nose. They look fragile and needful of your protection and care. This is deceiving, for they were initially bred to hunt vermin and are intelligent hunters.

Historically the "Westies" or West Highland White Terriers were bred in the high mountains of west Scotland and claims ancestry to the Scotch Terrier.

While many dog owners who own Westie puppies know they don't come cheap, the joy, loyalty and love these dogs have give are worth it.

Is it easy to acquire any of the Westies' puppies? No, you'll need to be mindful that Westies puppies' breeders are selective with whom they'll place their puppies. Only dog lovers with an extensive understanding of this breed's need for extensive grooming and exercise are considered.

Here are useful facts about Westies puppies, for dog lovers.

When and how should you teach your Westies' puppy to socialize? The ideal time, would be when the puppy is between eight and 16 weeks of age, they're rapidly maturing during this period. Make sure the pup is exposed to every stimulus he'll have during his lifetime, while he/she is very young. Or else you'll get a fearful dog.

Choose food specially formulated for puppies. Don't feed them people food.

At first offer food to these young puppies three times a day. After 5-6 months, feed the puppy twice a day. To avoid the puppy getting obese, let the puppy eat for only fifteen minutes, then remove the food dish. Check your Westie's puppy's paws and nails on a weekly basis.

Trim the hairs between the paws and nails.

Make sure the house is warm, before you bathe your pup, as puppies can lose body temperature quickly. Avoid getting shampoo in their eyes and keep water out of the ears. Wash the pup's face last. Towel dry your pup as soon as his bath is done. You can use a hair dryer, but regulate the heat, or you might burn your pup.

Puppies normally lose the disease protection they've received from their mothers, when they are around six and sixteen weeks of age. To avoid their getting sick, keep your pup away from sick dogs. Check with the vet when to schedule the puppy's shots.

Lastly, here's one way to keep your Westie puppy's fur white. Use a white grooming chalk and sprinkle it into the coat once a week or as needed.

Take care of your Westie puppy, and you'll be rewarded with an intelligent dog that's loving and delightful.

(Disclaimer: Any information contained in this site relating to various medical, health and fitness conditions of Westies or other animals and their treatments is for informational purposes only and is not meant to be a substitute for the advice provided by your own veterinarian. You should not use the information contained herein for diagnosing the health of any animal. You should always consult and check with your own vet or veterinarian.)

I do hope that you have found the article of use to you.

Good health and happiness

Jeff Cuckson
webmaster@madaboutwesties.com
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Free Report - Time Limited Offer
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Your Westies Life! Click Here Now!
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Dont Let Your Male Cat Get Pregnant

Writen by Terry Hadaway

I'm not making this up. My sister's cat, Emus, died! Now, I know some of you cat-haters don't see the tragedy in this matter. But there is a much deeper story with a practical application. I can't say that the death of Emus was especially traumatic for me. After all, I'm allergic to cats! I'm also allergic to morons, but there isn't an allergy shot to help me with that!

Who names a cat Emus? The cat originally was named Amos, but my nephew's best attempt at saying "Amos" resulted in "Emus." Thus Emus became the cat's name. But that's not the end of the story. You see, Amos or Emus, was a male cat, so we thought. Maybe that's why Amos/Emus died giving birth to kittens! The moral to this story... don't let your male cat get pregnant!

It leads me to wonder just where the breakdown was. Was Emus traumatized because of a his/her name? Did Emus feel he/she had something to prove by getting pregnant? Should this have been my ticket to fame and fortune? Would the fine folks at Ripley's Believe It or Not have featured a pregnant male cat in one of their museums? I guess I'll never know.

I think the problem started with the name. My philosophy is that the cat was socially ostracized because of the name. Thus, with a poor self image, Emus began looking for acceptance. He thought he was a male... but failed in his relationships because, well, I think you understand.

So Emus had an identity crisis... he/she wanted to be a mother but had the name of a father. Then, a night of unbridled passion resulted in Emus becoming what no father ever wants to become--a mother!

Shocked, embarrassed, and confused, Emus began to put on some weight. First he/she hid the weight from others, then blamed it on a chemical imbalance. But, finally, the truth appeared in the form of 5 kittens. Emus couldn't stand the shame... he/she had the name of a father, the physique of a mother, and was overwhelmed by the products of that one-night-stand!

Emus couldn't take it, and passed away on that cold July night when the snow piled up against the screen door of our Georgia home. (That's not true, but it makes the story sound a bit more like something from the Waltons.)

Thus, the moral of the story--don't give your kids weird names! First of all, no one can spell it. Secondly, no one can pronounce it. And thirdly, your child with the weird name will spend the remainder of his or her life explaining why you did this dastardly act.

Emus might still be alive today if he/she had been named Sylvia or Maddy. Things might have turned out better if he/she had been named a gender-neutral name like Fluffy or Roadkill. But, the perversion of the male name attached to a female cat proved to be more weight that any cat could carry!

So, choose names wisely... there's a lot riding on your decision! Think about it!

Dr. Terry Hadaway is an author, motivational speaker, university professor, and conference leader who is recognized as a leading authority on elearning, decision-making, and adult education. Visit http://www.thinkingboxmedia.com for more information.

Catfish

Writen by Allen Jesson

All the different catfish species can be found in an order that contains no less than 37 different families. The 37th catfish family was actually added to the order very recently - June 2005. Almost all the different catfish species are freshwater dwellers. Catfishes have adapted to a wide range of different ecological niches you can find small catfish species as well as huge ones like the Wells Catfish that can grow up to 5 meters (16 feet) long and the Giant Mekong Catfish that can weigh almost 300kg (661lbs). These two big catfish species are naturally not very suitable as eaquarium fish, but there is a vast array of other species that you can keep even in a moderately sized aquarium. Catfish are very popular in aquariums and many species can be kept even by inexperienced aquarium keepers. Two of the most popular Catfish among novice aquarium keepers are the Sucker mouth Catfish and the Bristle nose Catfish .

One of the most distinguishing anatomical characteristics of the catfishes is the prominent barbells found near the mouth. A barbell is a long, tactile organ that is very useful for fishes that live in murky waters where the visibility is limited. The catfish will use its barbells when hunting and manoeuvring in dark environments, just like a cat will uses its whiskers. The barbells of a catfish do however have taste buds and the catfish can therefore "taste" its environment. You can find barbells on many other fishes in addition to the catfishes, including goat fish, a fw carps and some sharks. In addition to barbells, the various catfish species share another notable anatomical feature - they are scale less. Catfish from all families but one are also equipped with a hollow leading ray that can excrete a powerful protein to scare off or injure potential threats. Some species can even harm humans and must be handled very carefully. There is one catfish family where the species have no hollow leading ray. These species can not produce any stinging protein, and will instead protect themselves by sending out a very powerful electric shock. Due to this capability, the species are called Electric catfishes.

Another example of a fascinating catfish species is the "Vampire fish of Brazil". This catfish is popularly referred to as the "Vampire Fish of Brazil" since it will attach itself to the gills of other fishes and drink their blood. This fish is not very popular in Southern America since it sometimes tries to attach itself to swimming humans, when attracted to blood or urine excretion. The body of this catfish is almost transparent, which makes the fish quite hard to spot in the water. The fish is also quite small, only 2.5-6 centimetres (1.0-2.4 inches) in length.

Allen Jesson writes for several sites including two sites that specialize in salt water and fresh water aquariums and the aquarium site and Seapets, a leading source for aquariums and fish tanks.

Pacu

Writen by Gary Bolton

Family: Serrasalmidae

Species: Colossoma bidens

Size: 40cm (16 inch)

Diet: Herbivorous

Tank levels: Upper and middle

Habitat: Guapore River, on the borders of Bolivia and Brazil

Remarks: The Pacu's diet consists of fruit and vegetable matter, This species of fish can be confused with Colossoma brachipomum.

Comments: The shape of this fish resembles that of the Piranha. The chest area, the lower edge of the gill-cover, and the pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins are red. The rest of the body is silver with faint dark spots above the lateral line. There are teeth in the mouth, but the head is not as large as those of its carnivorous relatives. Anal and caudal fins have black edges.

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This fish comes from the "Tropical Fish" family species of fish. I hope you enjoyed this fish profile that I put together to help people to choose the right fish for the right aquarium tank setup you may own, or be thinking of buying in the future. If you require more information about keeping fish in general and what are the right fish to choose for your tank setups, you can always visit my site called "GB Aquarium" and see what's posted new there and also join in the discussion taking place!

http://www.garybolton.co.uk

Emergency Medical Care For Pets

Writen by Ian White

A topic that has been the subject of great debate in recent years has been that of proper medical care and medical insurance for the human populace. While good medical coverage for people still leaves a lot to be desired, animals stand even less of a chance. Although there are many good veterinarians out there the amount of emergency care that is available for pets is sadly lacking.

When my cat was poisoned I searched the phone book and could not find anyone to care for him because it was after regular office hours. After repeatedly receiving automated messages I finally reached one office that generously offered to schedule an appointment the following week for my desperately ill pet. The only emergency pet hospital we could find was in a nearby city over an hour away traveling at top speed.

I was thoroughly appalled at the total inadequacy of available facilities. For pets in need of immediate medical attention, the time it takes to travel to another town or area where available twenty-four hour emergency care can be found, this can literally be a matter of life or death.

In emergency situations people are usually quite unprepared because the only thing on their minds at the time is the injured or ill loved one, even if that loved one is a pet. They normally aren't thinking about costs or any other factors that are going to add to the amount of stress they are already feeling. So they might be quite disappointed to find that some establishments won't even treat your pet unless you can pay the full estimated cost of treatment up front. It is unlikely that many people are prepared to pay these costs on the spot unless you are lucky enough to be carrying around a credit card with a fair amount of credit. Do keep in mind that veterinary costs can be quite costly and the extent of injuries or illness can compound those costs readily.

What can you do? You can ask if there is a payment plan that would be more suitable if the costs are rather steep although this is unlikely since most facilities do not offer affordable payment plans. It may be worthwhile to check into a pet insurance plan. While these plans can be fairly costly as well especially if you have more than one pet, it can still help to offset emergency costs when the unexpected happens. Setting up an insurance plan offers a bit more stability and helps to alleviate the pressure of being financially unprepared. Most plans also cover regular yearly exams, shots and a deduction on the cost of medications.

If you live in an area that is sorely lacking in emergency care facilities the best you can do is to create a back up plan by preparing yourself for emergency pet care. Of course prevention is the best medicine but you may want to become familiar with emergency first aid procedures for pets. There are many available resources in books at the local library and on the internet. You may also be able to pick up useful literature from a local veterinarian. You can check and see if any local animal facilities offer any type of educational first aid classes. If not you can still put together a first aid emergency kit to keep on hand for your pet.

You may also want to investigate alternative healing methods as well such as herbal medicine, and homeopathy and seek out practioners in your area. Good nutrition and vitamin supplements can help boost pet health by strengthening the immune system and making them less susceptible to illness.

Copyright © 2006, Ian White Access 2000 Pty Ltd

Author Ian White is founder of pet-sitters.biz Pet Sitting directory Find a visiting pet sitting service to care and exercize your pets. Dog Walkers and doggy day care centers included.

Kittens Are Just The Cutest Things

Writen by Mike Yeager

Is there anything more cute and cuddly than tiny little kittens? They're small and light. Cats kittens, they're fragile yet so curious and inquisitive. Kittens bring a sense of well being and comfort into our homes that few other animals can.

While a kitten requires a lot of attention and care, when left to their own devices they can be amazingly creative and playful with just about any little toy or knick-knack they come across. Having a cat as a pet that later has kittens is a wonderful teaching experience for children, of all ages. They learn to care for an animal that is really helpless but offers such a range of amusement.

Why do we love Kittens so much?

What is it about kittens that makes us want to watch them play? They're energetic and playful, they're cute and cuddly. Kittens can get more entertainment and amusement out of a ball of yarn or a dropped thimble than one would think possible. That's what makes them so endearing.

Cats, as pets, are special in their own way; but a kitten looks at his/her world through new, fresh eyes that brings a smile to everyone's face.

Whether you're young or old, caring for your special kitten or kittens can be both a joy and pleasure as you watch your pet mature and grow into a well adjusted, confident cat.

About The Author

Mike Yeager, Publisher - http://www.a1-pets-4u.com/

mjy610@hotmail.com

Animal Lab Testing An Essay

Writen by Michael Cooper

Everybody at one point in his/her life uses cosmetics such as make-up, deodorant, shampoo, wrinkle creams, blemish creams and many other products. In the many different trials that these products go through before reaching the public, some are tested on animals. Many people believe that this is a necessary part of product testing, and I agree that limited testing needs to be done in a controlled environment; however, animal testing of cosmetics is bad.

Animals are used to learn the many different things about how cosmetics have on animal skins; however, they do not always have the same effect on humans. In some cases animals have their fur shaved off and they have the product placed on the skin, which ends up burning or giving them a rash, causing them pain. They also have chemicals dropped into their eyes, and lethal substances injected into their bodies. In other cases the animal shows no effect, but when they use it on humans, it does not give the same results as it did on the animals.

Although animals are said to be well treated, they are not. The treatment is harsh, and they are cared for half-heartedly. Cages are not cleaned out. They are so small the animal can hardly move or breathe, and the animals are not fed like they should be. The animal is under mental and physical torture. This can also affect the outcomes of the studies being done.

Nowhere in the world is animal testing of cosmetics, toiletries or household cleaners actually required by law In most countries the law simply states that cosmetics and toiletries must be safe for human use. Critics maintain that animal test data is only used to defend the company against consumer lawsuits. Examples of companies producing cosmetics, toiletries, and household cleaners include: Pfizer Inc. (Coty), Hoechst Nestle (L'Oreal), Boots Eastman Kodak, British Petroleum, Max Factor, Clarion, Colorfast, Cover Girl, Maxi, and Procter & Gamble.

As well as being wholly inappropriate, the continued testing of these products on animals is simply unnecessary. There are many products and ingredients already available whose safety has been demonstrated by years of use on humans. Many of the companies producing cosmetics, toiletries, and household cleaners are also active in other industries, such as the pharmaceutical, chemical or petroleum industries. These industries are closely related, due to the nature of the raw materials used in the products.

Testing methods, therefore, are determined by manufacturers. The very unreliability of animal tests may make them appealing to some companies, since these tests allow manufacturers to put virtually any product on the market. Companies can also use the fact that their products were tested to help defend themselves against consumer lawsuits. Others believe that testing on animals helps them compete in the marketplace: Consumers demand products with exciting new ingredients, such as alpha-hydroxy acids, and animal tests are often considered the easiest and cheapest way to "prove" that new ingredients are "safe."

The bottom line is that animal testing should be stopped. It wouldn't be so bad if it was just a few animals to save a million people. But sadly, that's not the case. Millions of animals get tested to save hardly any people. It's up to the caring people in this world to make a stand and do something about animal lab testing. Animals should not be abused for our own benefits, if there are any. They are living, breathing, creatures, and despite what some people say, they feel pain and emotions.

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Cant Get Your Dog To Get Up And Come To You Read This

Writen by Adam Katz

I was walking outside to open the front gate in front of my complex and saw two guys training a beautiful large German Shepherd dog, in front of my neighbor's house.

They were both professional dog trainers that my neighbor had apparently hired to come by and train his dog when he's at work.

I introduced myself and proceeded to watch.

See, the funny thing about many dog trainers is that they have an ego, and their ego often prevents them from accepting help from people who haven't already demonstrated superior skill. Perhaps not a bad policy.

But whatever.

Anyway… the first fellow was standing and talking with me, and out of the corner of my eye I was watching the second fellow work with the dog.

They'd taught the dog to hold a "down-stay." But the problem was, they hadn't successfully taught the dog what "come" means, and that it's okay to get up from the "down-stay" when the handler calls you to come.

The problem was, the second fellow was calling the dog to come, and while he was doing it, he was inadvertently bending forward and clapping his hands. And then he'd move a little closer to the dog—all the while bending forward.

The dog didn't move.

"Come, Enzo. Come, Enzo. Come on, come on…"

The dog still didn't move.

So, I asked the first fellow if it would be alright if I gave his assistant a tip that I knew would help to communicate with the dog that it was alright to get up and come to the handler.

I told him—the same thing I'd written about in my book (which you can read about at: http://www.dogproblems.com/newvideos.htm ) -- that when the dog doesn't understand this command, you need to be using your body language to LEAN BACK… and even walk backwards, away from the dog. This body language will more easily communicate to the dog what you want him to do. (Setting him up for success).

But the trainer was stubborn and wanted to do it his way.

"Pshah… I know what I'm doing. I'm a professional," he said as he waved his hand in my face.

I stood there and grinned, knowing exactly what would continue to happen.

"Come, Enzo. Come, Enzo. Come on, come on…" he continued.

The dog still didn't move.

Finally, in frustration… he looked in my direction, then back at the dog—and did exactly as I told him to do—leaned backwards, started walking backwards away from the dog—and called his name.

Enzo immediately understood and happily galloped over to the handler.

So, the next time somebody tries to tell you that there aren't any "Secrets" … just watch what they're doing and if they're stubborn--- just grin and DON'T TELL THEM ABOUT MY BOOK, "Secrets of a Professional Dog Trainer!"

Because even many so-called "professional dog trainers" don't know everything.

Adam G. Katz is the author of the book, "Secrets of a Professional Dog Trainer: An Insider's Guide To The Most Jealously Guarded Dog Training Secrets In History." Get a free copy of his report "Games To Play With Your Dog" when you sign up for his free weekly dog training tips e-zine at: http://www.dogproblems.com

Boston Terrier The Standard And Does It Matter

Writen by Steve Allison

To compete with your Boston Terrier you will need to understand the requirements and procedures used for judging. The American Kennel Club releases breed standards for each breed of dog and the Boston Terriers specifications can be found here. You can also check more specialized clubs for the information about required standards for your Boston Terrier. The American Kennel club is currently revising these standards.

If you want your Boston Terrier to take part in dog shows then you will need to understand the standards and how they relate to your dog. If you already own or are thinking about owning a Boston Terrier and would like to compete (or show off your dog) here's a guide to understanding breed specifications.

It's important to note that these are descriptions of ideal Boston Terriers.

Competition ranking systems: Dogs are judged out of a total 100 score. When judging Boston Terriers this score comprises the following elements:

- General Appearance

- Size, Proportion, Substance

- Head - skull shape, characteristics of eyes, ears, muzzle, jaw shape.

- Neck, Topline and Body

- Forequarters

- Gait

- Coat

- Temperament

- Faults in the breed: can lead to instant disqualification

General Appearance

Boston Terriers are intelligent dogs. General appearance needs to be well-balanced; this means all limbs are in proportion. Boston Terriers have a smooth coat which is generally brindle, seal or black. The dog must have even white markings. The body is short and the limbs are strong. The tail is short.

Size, Proportion, Substance

This refers to your dog's weight. There are several official weight categories but the dog's weight cannot exceed 25 pounds.

The Boston Terriers legs should be proportioned to give it its characteristic square appearance. The dog looks sturdy and muscular.

In general the only difference between the male and female is that the bitch generally has more refined features.

Head

The skull is short and flat on top. There should be no wrinkles. The cheeks are flat and the stop is well defined. Boston Terriers should have an alert _expression; reflecting their high intelligence. The eyes should be wide set and large. Boston Terriers with blue eyes - or any hint of blue in their eyes will be disqualified immediately. The ears should be small and stand upright.

The jaw is square and wide with short teeth. The bite is even.

Neck, Towline and Body

The neck should be slightly arched and carry the head gracefully. The neck of the ideal Boston terrier should display an image of balance.

Topline refers to the shape of the dogs back. The back should be shaped in such a way that it completes the square shape of the body.

The chest should be deep with a good width, ribs etc.

Forequarters

The shoulders should be laid back and should slope. IT is this shape which gives Boston Terriers their stylish movement. The elbows should be straight and not protrude in any way. The dewclaws may be removed. Gait

This refers to the way in which your dog carries himself. The ideal Boston Terrier is sure-footed and straight gaited. The forelegs and hind legs should move in a straight line with perfect rhythm. Each step should be that of grace and power.

Coat

The coat should be short, smooth and fine in texture. Color must be brindle, seal or black with bright markings. The Boston Terrier must have a white muzzle band, white between the eyes and a white chest.

Temperament

The ideal Boston Terrier is friendly and lively. The dog is known for its high intelligence. Faults in the breed (grounds for disqualification)

Any traces of blue or blue eyes - eyes must be dark

Dudley nose - This means a loss of pigmentation in the nose and it is pink or flesh colored, however when Boston's are first born and up to 6 months their nose will be pink. It will change to the color black so don't let this hinder you from buying a Boston with a pink nose.

Docked tail - This refers to the practice of cutting tails. It is an outdated practice and your dog will be disqualified.

Lack of required markings

Other serious faults

Wry mouth - one side of the mouth is longer than the other.

Any showing of the tongue/teeth when the mouth is closed

Other faults

Blocky or chunky appearance

Overshot bite/undershot bite - much like human 'faults' this just means an over or under bite.

The Boston Terriers make a great family pet. They are highly intelligent, loyal, great with children and very easy going. They are not considered fighters but definitely can hold their own. If you don't plan to show your Boston then these qualifications don't mean a thing. Boston Terriers are the perfect all around companion just the way they are.

Steve Allison is a third generation of professional dog breeders along with his brother Gary. It all started with his grandparents in 1970 with the Boston Terriers and has expanded to Maltese, Yorkshire Terriers, Pugs, Shih Tzu's and Pomeranians. He is also actively involved with dog rescue and has a website that showcases the puppies they occasionally has for sale at All My Puppies Online Steve is also the co-author of two consumer guides, Carpet Secrets and Moving Secrets Guide

The English Coonhound

Writen by Michael Russell

In the history of the early colonies of America, one of the favored sports was hunting the coon and this sport led to the development of breeds of dogs that were used specifically for this purpose. Nearly all the hounds were firstly bred from English Foxhound stock. In the rugged country of the eastern colonies, the dogs served a different purpose than the original Foxhounds, which were bred to run long distances over relatively "easy" landscapes and gently rolling hills. In the colonies the dogs were meant to be able to traverse hilly rough gullies and deep ravines on the long chases after the coon. In some instances the hounds developed in the United States were also used to hunt bear and larger game. The typical baying voice of the Foxhound still served a useful purpose, since the dogs would often run far ahead of the hunters and needed to be heard when they were on scent. In the selection for breeding, hounds which would give voice when the coon was "treed" became divergent from those who would give voice when the hound was on the chase. Consequently there are those coon hounds known as ''Treeing hounds" versus those who are denoted to be "Coonhounds".

Three members of the coonhound family in America are specifically noted for their treeing instinct, the Redbone, the Black and Tan and the Walker. All other "treeing" hounds are generally lumped together under the term "English" Coonhounds. In general an English Coonhound denotes a tall and leggy animal, thinly boned and built for the chase. Usually considered "hot nosed" (a term meaning a dog that will be fast on the chase as opposed to cold nosed which is a slower running hound) the hounds are generally red tick in color. The "blue tick" hound is not always a colder nosed dog but this is more often the case. The English Coonhound is usually heavily ticked, red tick being of course the red ticking on a basically white background. Other colors can be blue tick, white/red, white/black, white/lemon or brindle. The voice should be a melodious bay and the dog should give voice when it trees the coon, running silently until this occurs. When coon hunting with this type of treeing hound, it is a common practice to release the dog and then simply wait until one hears the baying voice, which can be heard for many miles on a hot summer night. Once the dog gives voice, the hunter merely has to follow the sound as the dogs will remain at the foot of the tree as long as the coon is there.

The English coonhound and in general all of the coonhounds, are bred from the original Fox hounds. They are enthusiastic about hunting and always have a melodious voice when on the hunt. Often each individual "voice" is distinguishable to the owner of a pack of hounds. The Coonhounds, like the Foxhounds, are gentle and affectionate dogs, enjoying the companionship of humans and also contented to be a pack animal or a kennel dog, as long as they have the companionship of either humans or other dogs they are quite happy. When they are introduced into a household, they make a fine pet, gentlemanly and undemanding, easy to train and considerate.

Michael Russell

Your Independent guide to Dogs

Your New Puppy Must Haves For Your Dog

Writen by Jennifer McVey

Now that you've decided to get a puppy or dog, the next few weeks will be busy and at times, more than a little bit crazy. That's why it's important to plan in advance for the arrival of your new pet. If possible, get as many necessities ready before your puppy comes home.

The Basics

• Travel crate: Even if you don't plan on crate training your dog, consider the benefits of owning a crate for other reasons, like transporting an ill or injured puppy to the veterinarian.
• Food and water bowls: If you have a puppy, keep the bowls low and shallow. Tip-proof works well, too. As they grow, you'll likely need to upgrade to larger dishes to accommodate your pet's size.
• Food: Choose an age-appropriate food. Ask your vet or local pet store for recommendations if you're not sure what kind to purchase. Remember that high quality dog food keeps your puppy healthier and happier.
• Collar: Pick a collar that fits properly now. You can always upgrade later if necessary.
• Leash: A six-foot lead works well. Choose the right thickness and strength for your dog. A Chihuahua's needs are very different from the needs of a Rottweiler.
• ID tag: As one of the first things people search for when finding a stray dog, an ID tag can help make sure your puppy makes it home safely. At a minimum, have your phone number engraved on the tag.
• Grooming supplies: Different breeds require different levels of grooming. However, every pup can benefit from a good weekly brushing. It's also a great way to have quiet, bonding time with your new dog.
• Housebreaking supplies: Even adult dogs have accidents, so be prepared with good cleaning supplies.
• Veterinarian: If you don't have a favorite vet already, ask family, friends and neighbors for a recommendation. Have an appointment scheduled within the first few days of bringing your puppy home, so your vet can check for worms, other health conditions, and start her vaccination regimen.

The Extras

• Obedience classes: Every dog can benefit from learning some basic obedience skills.

• Puppy treats: Yummy treats are the perfect reward when you're working on obedience. Or for when they're just being adorable.

• Toys: Chew toys help satisfy your new puppy's teething needs. If you'd like to teach your dog to retrieve, look at purchasing a few balls, but make sure they're not so small that your dog chokes. A lot of people swear by Kong, an awesome rubber toy you stuff with treats to keep your new pal busy.

• Sour apple spray: Use this product to spray on spots your puppy loves to chew on. It's a terrific deterrent for naughty puppies.

• Baby gates: Want to keep your dog in one area of your house? Use baby gates to corral him. Let's face it; for a lot of us, dogs are our babies anyway!

• Dog house: If your pup will spend any time outdoors, he'll love having his own little house. Fill it with great chew toys and a cozy blanket, and it will be the perfect home away from home.

• Doggie door: Training your dog to use a doggie door when she needs to go outdoors makes life easier for you and your pal.

• Clothing: Depending on where you live, sweaters or snow boots may be required outdoor gear for your dog.

Now that you have the basics on hand, don't forget the most essential items for your new puppy: lots of hugs, kisses, and sweet talk. Best of all, they're free!

The author, Jennifer McVey, wants to make life easier for you and your new dog. At http://www.favorite-puppy-names.com you'll find a collection of thousands of common and not-so-common puppy names, great tips on naming your new dog, and other helpful advice.

How To Get Started Hiking With Your Dog

Writen by Doug Gelbert

You already walk your dog every evening, so you must be ready to start hiking with your dog as you travel this summer, right? Perhaps, but a deep-woods nature walk isn't always a stroll around the neighborhood block...

START WITH YOUR DOG

Before you plunge down any trail, make sure you tailor your plans to your dog's capabilities. Are you mapping out a 12-mile day hike that will tag the peaks of three mountains? Not all dogs are bred for that kind of long-term exertion. It is especially important not to overtax your dog on a hike because she will soldier on in an effort to please you and never let on to any pain.

Hiking can be a wonderful preventative for any number of physical and behavioral canine disorders and running up trails and leaping through streams is great exercise for that one in every three dogs that is overweight. But just like us, a dog used to being a couch potato can't be expected to easily complete a five-mile loop trail. Have your dog checked by a veterinarian before significantly increasing his activity level.

OUTFITTING YOUR DOG FOR A HIKE

Every canine hike should include such basics as identification tags (get one with your vet's phone number on it as well) and a bandanna that can help distinguish a dog from game in hunting season. If you are pushing off on a long hike with your dog there is no reason you should shoulder all the supplies.

Wearing a dog pack is no more obtrusive than wearing a collar. Introduce the pack by draping a towel over your dog's back around the house and then have her wear an empty pack on short walks. Progressively add crumpled newspapers and then bits of clothing. Fill the pack with treats and reward your dog from the stash. Soon your dog will associate the pack with an outdoor adventure and eagerly look forward to wearing it.

A dog can comfortably carry 25% of her body weight. Low density items such as food and poop bags are good choices to include in a dog pack. Ice cold bottles of water can cool your dog on hot days. Don't put anything in a pack that can break since you will soon see your dog banging into rocks and trees as he wiggles through tight spots on the trail. Seal items in plastic bags for when your dog jumps into a creek.

Always pack a "doggie first aid kit" that gives you quick access to gauze pads, cling-type bandaging tapes, topical wound disinfectant cream and tweezers. Also have a veterinarian's phone number handy.

LOW IMPACT HIKING WITH YOUR DOG

Every time you hike with your dog on the trail you are an ambassador for all dog owners. Some people you meet won't believe in your right to take dogs on a trail. Be friendly to all and make the best impression you can. Practice low impact hiking with your dog by:

* packing out everything you pack in.

* not leaving dog scat on the trail.

* hiking only where dogs are allowed.

* staying on the trail and not allowing your dog to trample vegetation.

* not allowing your dog to chase wildlife.

* stepping off the trail and waiting with your dog while horses and other

hikers pass.

* not allowing your dog to bark - people are enjoying the trail for serentity.

One of the best ways to practice low impact hiking is to use a leash. This will guarantee that your dog will not unnecessarily disturb the environment or other people - and keep her safe on the trail.

TRAIL HAZARDS

Dogs are naturally curious and left to their own devices will almost certainly stick a nose where it doesn't belong. Dogs can't get poison ivy but they can transfer it to you. Other nuisance plants include stinging nettle that lurks on the side of many trails and even the slightest brush will deliver troublesome needles into a dog's coat. Nasty thorns can also blanket trails that we in shoes may never notice. If your dog has tender paws, dog booties are available to prevent pads from cracking while trotting across rough surfaces. Used in winter, dog booties provide warmth and keep ice balls from forming between toe pads when hiking through snow.

Canine hikers, especially if you confine your adventures to well-trod paths, can spend a lifetime in the woods and encounter little more than deer and squirrels. The wildlife is there but the presence of a dog will keep most animals deeper in seclusion. Shy creatures such as rattlesnakes are found in every state in America. If your dog is bitten by a snake it won't be necessarily fatal but get him to a veterinarian with as little movement as possible as soon as possible.

A more likely meeting is with porcupines. They won't run from a dog and any encounter can wind up with your dog impaled by quills that will work into the skin and easily cause infection. Less dangerous, but equally distressing, is a rendevous with a skunk, another animal that feels comfortable standing up to a dog.

THE WEATHER AND YOUR DOG

Hot, humid summers do not do dogs any favors. With no sweat glands and only panting available to disperse body heat, dogs are much more susceptible to heat stroke than we are. Unusually rapid panting and/or a bright red tongue are signs of heat exhaustion in your pet. A good rule of thumb is to carry 8 ounces of water for every hour of planned hiking - your dog can even learn to drink happily from a squirt bottle. Beware of allowing her to drink too generously from surface water since even fast-flowing streams can be infested with a microscopic protozoa called Giardia, waiting to wreak havoc on your dog's intestinal system.

Some of your most rewarding hikes with your dog will be in the mountains where the weather can change in a moment's notice. It may be cooler at higher altitudes but the sun will burn more intensely. When hiking in extremes of temperature remember that a hike is not a race and rest often - for both your sake and your dog's.

WHERE CAN I HIKE WITH MY DOG?

While most hikers head first for America's National Parks, as a general rule, dogs in national parks are welcome only "anywhere a car can go." This means your dog can hike only along roadways and walk around parking lots. In most national parks dogs can also go in picnic areas and stay in campgrounds. If you are hiking in Canadian national parks, bring your dog along - there are few prohibitions against dogs there.

You will find National Monuments are a mixed bag for active dog owners. Some, like Dinosaur National Monument or White Sands National Monument, allow dogs on most trails while others, Devil's Tower or Cedar Breaks for instance, ban canine hikers from all trails.

National Forests, under the stewardship of the Department of Agriculture and not the Department of the Interior like national parks, offer the meatiest hiking opportunities for dog owners. Dogs are permitted on most national forest trails, although access can sometimes be remote. Many times national forest lands surround national parks so you can get your dog on a trail after being cooped up there. National Grasslands are cousins of national forests and you can expect to have your dog accompany you on your hike. Hiking opportunities are limited, however, as there typically aren't many trails in a national grassland.

National Recreation Areas, as the name implies, are managed to maximize public use - for humans and dogs. Many trails in national recreation areas are open to off-road vehicles, mountains bikes, and horses. These types of trails will invariably be open to dogs as well. You can expect to find good canine hikes in almost any national recreation area.

Dogs are seldom allowed on trails at National Seashores but happily most (the southeastern national seashores are an exception) allow dogs on the beach year- round. National Lakeshores are good bets for canine hikers as dogs are allowed on many trails in these parks along the Great Lakes.

National Historical Parks are hidden gems for canine hikers. There are few bans on dogs in national historical parks. In addition to learning a thing or two about American history, these parks often feature interesting hiking: the rolling hills of eastern Pennsylvania in Valley Forge Historical Park, the mountains of Harpers Ferry Historical Park, the wild Potomac River of the Chesapeake & Ohio National Historical Park to name a few.

State Parks are always a good bet for canine hikes; California being the most critical exception. Dogs are not allowed on trails in California state parks. With spectacular state parks like Ricketts Glen in Pennsylvania, Hocking Hills in Ohio and Custer in South Dakota, your dog can vacation happily without the national parks.

So grab that leash and hit the trail! And have as much fun as your dog.

I am the author of over 20 books, including 8 on hiking with your dog and the widely praised The Canine Hiker's Bible. As publisher of Cruden Bay Books, we produce the innovative A Bark In The Park series of canine hiking books found at http://www.hikewithyourdog.com. During the warm months I lead canine hikes as tour leader for hikewithyourdog.com tours, leading packs of dogs and humans on hiking adventures. Tours, ranging from one-day trips to multi-day explorations, visit parks, historical sites and beaches. My lead dog is Katie, a German Shepherd- Border Collie mix, who has hiked in all of the Lower 48 states and is on a quest to swim in all the great waters of North America - http://web.mac.com/crudbay/iWeb/Katies%20Blog/ Katies%20Quest.html. I am currently building a hikewithyourdog.com tours trailer to use on our expeditions and its progress can be viewed at http://web.mac.com/crudbay/iWeb/Teardrop%20Trailer/Building%20A%20Tour%20Trailer.html.